The study of energy flow in living systems is known as bioenergetics, a branch of biochemistry. Energy conversion and transfer are involved in this exciting area of biological study. It has uses for mitochondrial metabolism and diseases of it as well as structural biology. The goal of the peer-reviewed, open access Bioenergetics journal is to publish the most thorough and trustworthy source of information on new findings and advancements in all fields of study through the publication of original articles, review articles, case studies, short communications, etc. and to make this information freely accessible online to researchers all over the world without any restrictions or additional subscriptions.

Photosynthesis is the process of creating organic molecules under the influence of light and using those molecules as a source of energy for cells. It is produced mostly by oxygenic and nonoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria, algae, and terrestrial plants. The two stages of oxygenic photosynthesis are light-dependent processes, which use oxygen as a co-product and make NADPH and ATP molecules as by-products, and light-independent reactions, which use NADPH and ATP as the energy source to convert carbon dioxide into organic molecules. Processes that require light require pigments that can absorb light, like carotenoids, bilins, and chlorophylls. The principal contributors to photosystem II light sensitivity are excited pigment molecules, oxygen, manganese, and electron donors with high oxidising potential.

Photosystem II can be efficiently protected from UV ray damage by combining the safe dissipation of absorbed light energy, nonradioactive charge recombination, and repair of damaged reaction centre complexes. This makes it possible to safely use light, which is the highly energising substrate of photosynthesis. Prokaryotic organisms like cyanobacteria and eukaryotic plant cells both participate in oxygenic photosynthesis (algae and higher plants). In eukaryotic plant cells, which also have chloroplasts, the genetic material needed for the reproduction of the photosynthetic apparatus is divided between the nucleus chromosomes and chloroplasts. For instance, a carboxylation enzyme is the large protein molecule ribulose 1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase, which is made up of eight large polypeptide subunits and eight small polypeptide subunits. The gene for the small subunits is located in the nucleus, while the gene for the large subunits is located on the chloroplast chromosome. The nuclear gene's DNA is translated into messenger RNA (mRNA), which carries the instructions for synthesising the small polypeptides. This synthesis, which takes place on the cytosolic ribosomes, involves the addition of a few extra amino acid residues to produce a recognition leader at the end of the polypeptide chain.

In the process of photosynthesis, light that is absorbed by chlorophyll or other substances like phycocyanin ignites an oxidation-reduction reaction that produces oxygen from water and decrease carbon compounds, such as carbohydrates, from carbon dioxide. One sign of a change in this organisation may be the poor photosynthetic activity of light received by chlorophyll in some red algae. Converting CO2 into organic compounds using ATP and NADP as energy sources. The light-activated photon pump in the plasma membrane is a component of rhodopsin-based phototrophy. In terms of mechanics, it differs significantly from chlorophyll-based photosynthesis in that it transfers proteins using an energised electron pigment.