Biochemistry's area of bioenergetics is the study of energy flow in living systems. This fascinating field of biological research involves the conversion and transport of energy. It has applications in structural biology, mitochondrial metabolism, and mitochondrial disorders. The peer-reviewed, open access Bioenergetics journal seeks to publish the most comprehensive and reliable source of information on recent developments in all scientific fields through the publication of original articles, review articles, case studies, short communications, etc. and to make this information freely accessible online to researchers around the world without any limitations or additional subscriptions.

A biological process known as energy homeostasis, also known as the homeostatic management of energy balance, involves the coordinated homeostatic regulation of food intake (energy inflow) and energy expenditure (energy outflow). Heat is produced as soon as 50% of the energy from the metabolism of glucose is released. An essential part of bioenergetics is energy homeostasis. The hypothalamus is made up of several unique nuclei that secrete neuroendocrine chemicals that regulate a variety of processes, including sleep and arousal, exhaustion, thermoregulation, hunger, and thirst, highlighting its crucial involvement in the brain maintenance of energy balance. Early research did identify the hypothalamus as a feeding centre. For instance, research from more than 60 years ago discovered that lesions in the rat's ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) caused much more feeding, whereas lesions in the rat's ventrolateral hypothalamus (VLH) caused the reverse feeding behaviour and malnutrition. Body energy is controlled by neurons. The primary method by which both animals and humans control their long-term energy balance is homeostasis.

Numerous hypothalamic neural circuits, including the caudal brainstem autonomic feeding and midbrain dopamine reward systems, regulate energy intake and expenditure to keep body weight within a specific range for the majority of a person's lifespan. To achieve this equilibrium, a variety of peripheral metabolic hormones and nutrients target these structures and provide feedback signals that change the default "settings" of neuronal activity. In addition to anatomical, electrophysiological, pharmacological, and behavioural techniques, a number of molecular genetic tools have been developed for manipulating specific parts of the brain's energy homeostatic machinery. These tools offer a way to understand the intricate molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying feeding behaviour and metabolism. This review will highlight some of these developments and concentrate on the energy homeostasis neural circuitries.

The number of calories consumed from food and liquids serves as a measure of energy consumption. Hunger, which is primarily controlled by the hypothalamus, and choice, which is determined by the sets of brain structures responsible for stimulus control (i.e., operant conditioning and classical conditioning) and cognitive control of eating behaviour, is the two factors that influence energy intake. Certain neuropeptides and peptide hormones that work in the hypothalamus, such as insulin, leptin, ghrelin, and neuropeptide Y, among others, contribute to the regulation of hunger. The primary components of energy consumption are internal heat generated and external work. A combination of basal metabolic rate (BMR) and the thermic effect of food results in the internal heat produced. The level of physical activity can be used to estimate outside work (PAL)